Reading task #4

According to Rudolph Pintner in “the Pre-school Child” in “Intelligence Testing Methods and Results”, 1923, Pintner explained that “the present interest in the pre-school child has aroused a similar interest in the problem of intelligence testing at this age” (Pintner, 1923, p232). First, Pintner stated that intelligence test is easier for children whose ages from two to six than the first two years of life. Pintner also reported that “in general the I.Q. of young children has not been found to be as stable or consistent as the I.Q. of older children” (Pintner, 1923, p236). Second, Pintner introduced that there are four different results of “the Elementary School Pupil” (Pintner, 1923, p239). Pintner described that the intelligence test is being used to divide children into different groups. Pintner noted that “the second results of intelligence tests are being used to help determine the promotion, acceleration or demotion of pupils” (Pintner, 1923, p269). Also, Pintner showed that “a third use of intelligence tests is in the fields of educational and vocational guidance” (Pintner, 1923, p270). Then, Pintner found that the intelligence tests can connect with educational tests. Finally, Pintner revealed that “intelligence tests show that the high school pupil belongs in the upper half of the distribution of intelligence” (Pintner, 1923, p288).

Reading task #3

According to Rudolph Pintner in “the Scales” in “Intelligence Testing Methods and Results”, 1923, Pintner explained that “this chapter will show some scales used for individual testing” (Pintner, 1923, p135). First, Pintner introduced “the Binet scale” which can be divided to “the 1905 Scale”, “the 1908 Scale” and “the 1911 Scale”. Pintner described that “the 1905 Scale” was the first intelligence test, was published in 1905 by Binet, and this test was not distributed to ages; “the 1908 Scale” was the first age-scale and was divided from three years old to thirteen years old; “the 1911 Scale” was changed some parts and was edited of 1908 scale. Pintner noted that “these three scales show the progressive development of the idea of measuring intelligence by age steps” (Pintner, 1923, p143). Then, Pintner stated that “modifications of the Binet” which included four different revisions. Pintner reported that “the Goddard Revision”, Goddard, who introduced the Binet Scale into America and changed some points of that test; “the Kuhlmann Revision” which contained two revisions of Binet Scale. Finally, Pintner revealed that “the Point Scale which showed the pre-adolescent scale, the adolescent and adult scale, and the infant scale; the Stanford Revision which was indicates, an extension, elaboration and through revision of the original Binet Scale” (Pintner, 1923, p146-p149).

Reading task #2

According to Rudolph Pintner in “the Work of Binet” in “Intelligence Testing Methods and Results”, 1923, “Alfred Binet, who build the famous Binet-Simon Scale for the measurement of intelligence” (Pintner, 1923, p21). Pintner described that “Binet, who was born in France, studied medicine and interested in abnormal psychology, even published “the Psychology of Reasoning” and “Animal Magnetism”, also emphasized on children’s intelligence” (Pintner, 1923, p21-p22). Also, Pintner explained that “the processes of Binet’s working which were measurement, attention and adaptation, head measurements, higher mental processes, handwriting, feeblemindedness, the first scale, the 1908 scale, mental age, miscellaneous studies, insanity, the 1911 scale, test for soldiers, and conclusion” (Pintner, 1923, p23-p33). Then, in “the Development of Intelligence Testing after Binet”, Pintner noted that “the general development of intelligence testing after the work of Binet” (Pintner, 1923, p34). Finally, Pintner stated that “following seven steps which were the measurement movement in educational subjects, the introduction of the Binet Scale into America, the controversy over the Validity of the scale, clinical psychology, the Stanford revision, the appearance of other scales, and the group test to develop, enhance and glorify the intelligence testing” (Pintner, 1923, p35-p43).

Reading task #1

According to Rudolph Pintner in “Early History of Intelligence Testing” in “Intelligence Testing Methods and Results”, 1923, “there are two influences which are the sociological and the psychological to cause the development of intelligence test” (Pintner, 1923, p4). Pintner explained that “the sociological trend which point people’s attention to the faultily and delinquent classes in society” (Pintner, 1923, p4). Also, Pintner stated that “Ancient Period which did not have a lot of information to describe the feebleminded in that period; Medieval Period which emphasis of Christianity on kindness and forgiveness toward those who wanted to change their attitude of society; the Renaissance which emphasis of Protestantism on the responsibility of the feebleminded and insane people for their action and crime; Modern Period when was developed, characterized by a scientific interest in the insane and feebleminded; the Deaf which did not think about the charitable asylums that were found in early ages and caring for the outcasts and the defectives; the Blind which was the next step of the deaf, was natural that educators should extend it; the Feebleminded which had a case, “wild boy of aveyron” to describe it; Seguin who deal with the education and treatment of the feebleminded; Special Classes where educated the backward and dull children in the public schools; Psychological Clinic where care of the feebleminded in nineteenth century” (Pintner, 1923, p5-p11). Finally, Pintner suggested that “experimental psychology, the study of individual differences, the growth of eugenics and anthropological measurement affected in psychology and allied sciences that caused an interest in mental testing” (Pintner, 1923, p11).

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